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The morphology of all developmental stages of C. ohridella has been studied mainly by Deschka and Dimic (1986), Skuhravý (1998) and Sefrová and Skuhravý (2000).
Eggs
The eggs are white and 0.2-0.4 mm.
Larvae
There are four, occasionally five, instars of feeding larvae and two instars of spinning larvae. Instars of feeding larvae differ by length and by width of the head capsule (Sefrova and Skuhravy, 2000).
First-instar larvae are 0.5 mm long;head capsule is 0.1-0.17 mm wide.
Second-instar larvae are 1.2 mm long;head capsule is 0.2-0.3 mm wide.
Third-instar larvae are 2.1 mm long;head capsule is 0.36-0.46 mm wide.
Fourth-instar larvae are 3.5 mm long;head capsule is 0.5-0.66 mm wide.
Larval morphology of C. ohridella corresponds to that of the subfamily Lithocolletinae (Kumata, 1963). The body is distinctly constricted between the segments which appear to be convex laterally. Tergites and sternites are formed from extensively sclerotized plates, which enable the caterpillars to move within the mine. The mouthparts, the labrum and labium, are massive, shield-shaped;the flat sickle-shaped mandibles move horizontally. The thoracic legs and the ventral and anal prolegs are completely reduced. The width of the head capsule of the two spinning instar larvae does not change from the fourth feeding instar larva. Mouthparts are complete and the antennae, maxillae and maxillar palpi and spineret are present (Sefrova and Skuhravy, 2000).
Pupae
The pupa is brown and is 2.9-4.5 mm long (3.7 mm on average). Freise and Heitland (1999) describes a method to distinguish between male and female pupae.
Adults
The body is 4-5 mm long. The moth is a rich brown colour with bright white chevrons edged with black.

Recoginition


In spring, adults emerging from overwintering pupae can be detected by pheromone trapping or by inspecting the trunks of Aesculus hippocastanum for moths. Later in the season, mines are usually very numerous and easily detected on the leaves.

Related invasive species

  • Cameraria ohridella

Related Farm Practice

  • Feeding
  • Development
  • Tests
  • Hosts
  • Change
Impact

Cameraria ohridella probably originates from remote natural stands of the European horse-chestnut, Aesculus hioppocastanum in Greece, Albania and Macedonia. It was first observed attacking ornamental horse-chestnut trees in Macedonia in the 1970s, then in Serbia in 1987 and Austria in 1989, from where it spread to most of Europe. Since then, in all invaded regions, outbreaks have continued unabated, causing aesthetic damage to horse-chestnut, one of the favourite ornamental trees in European cities. The fast dispersal of the moth in Europe is attributed mainly to human transport. Cars, lorries, trains and other vehicles may carry adults and overwintering pupae in dead leaves. The moth is listed in the 100 worse invasive species in Europe in the DAISIE database (DAISIE, 2009).

Has Cabi datasheet ID
40598
Symptons


Larvae of C. ohridella form blotch mines and develop in the parenchyma tissue of leaves of Aesculus hippocastanum. The mines start off small and yellow, later turning brown. Eventually the mines may cover the entire surface of the leaflets, especially from July on, when the second and third generations develop. At sites where dead leaves containing overwintering pupae are not removed in the autumn, trees are usually totally defoliated, year after year.

Hosts

C. ohridella lives primarily on the leaves of Aesculus hippocastanum, but successful development is also occasionally observed on Acer pseudoplatanus and Acer platanoides. It also develops on some species of the genus Aesculus, but not on others (Skuhravý, 1998;Hellrigl, 2001;Freise, 2001). Freise et al. (2003a) and Kenis et al. (2005) carried out screening tests on most of the world Aesculus spp. and several Acer spp. to assess the present or potential host range of C. ohridella. The two most suitable hosts were A. hippocastanum and the Japanese horse-chestnut A. turbinata, whereas successful development also occurred on the American species A. glabra, A. sylvatica and A. flava (= A. octandra). In contrast, it did not develop successfully on the Asian A. chinensis, A. assamica and A. indica and on the American A. pavia, A. californica and A. parviflora. Larvae also developed successfully, but often failed to pupate, in the North American A. circinatum and, occasionally, in the European A. pseudoplatanus, A. tataricum and A. heldreichii, and the Asian A. japonicum.

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