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LENTIL


Directorate of Plant

Protection, Quarantine and


Storage

N. H. IV,- Faridabad, Haryana


National Institute of Plant

Health Management


Rajendranagar, Hyderabad,

Telangana


Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare

Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare


Government of India


AESA BASED IPM PACKAGE


http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=CNqoTe…


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The AESA based IPM – Lentil was compiled by the NIPHM working group under the

Chairmanship of Smt. V. Usha Rani, IAS, Director General, NIPHM, and guidance of Shri.

Utpal Kumar Singh, IAS, JS (PP). The package was developed taking into account the

advice of experts listed below on various occasions before finalization.


NIPHM Working Group:


Chairman : Smt. V. Usha Rani, IAS, Director General

Vice-Chairmen : Dr. S. N. Sushil, Plant Protection Advisor


: Dr. K. Vijaya lakshmi, Director (PHM)

Core Members :


1. Er. G. Shankar, Joint Director (PHE), Pesticide Application Techniques Expertise.

2. Dr. O. P. Sharma, Joint Director (A & AM), Agronomy Expertise.

3. Dr. Satish Kumar Sain, Assistant Director (PHM), Pathology Expertise.

4. Dr. Dhana Raj Boina, Assistant Director (PHM), Entomology Expertise.

5. Dr. S. Jesu Rajan, Assistant Scientific Officer (PHM), Entomology Expertise.


Contributions by DPPQ&S Experts:


1. Dr. M. Saleem, Assistant Director, Plant Pathology

2. Dr. D.K. Nagaraju, Assistant Director, Entomology

3. Dr. Gnansambandhan, Assistant Director (Weed Science)


Contributions by External Experts:


1. Dr. M. P. Thakur, Director of Extension Services,Indira Gandhi Krishi Vidyapeeth,

Raipur. (C.G.)


2. Dr. R. Swaminathan, Professor & Head, Department of Entomology, Rajasthan

College of Agriculture, Maharan Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology,

Udaipur, Rajasthan


3. Dr. S. L. Godara, Professor (Plant Pathology) Zonal Director Research, Agricultural

Research Station, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Beechwal,

Bikaner.


4. Dr. R.S. Gill, Professor and Head, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural

university, Ludhiana, Punjab.


5. Dr. G.N. Hazarika, Director of Research, Assam Agricultural University, Assam.

6. Dr. A.P. Bhagat, Chairman, Department of Plant Pathology, Bihar Agriculture


University, Sabour, Bihar.

7. Dr. S.N. Ray,Chairman, Department of Entomology, Bihar Agriculture University,


Sabour, Bihar.

8. Dr.Shoumidra B. Das, Principal Scientist (Ent.) Department of Entomology College of


Agriculture Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University Adhartal, Krishinagar, Jabalpur -

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For internal circulation only. Not for sale.


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CONTENTS


Lentil - Plant description


I. Pests


A. Pests of National Significance

1. Insect pests

2. Diseases

3. Weeds

4. Nematode


II. Agro-ecosystem analysis (AESA) based integrated pest management (IPM)

A. AESA

B. Field scouting

C. Surveillance through pheromone trap catches for fruit boring caterpillar

D. Blue pan water/sticky traps

E. Light traps

F. Nematode extraction


III. Ecological engineering for pest management


IV. Crop stage-wise IPM


V. Insecticide resistance and its management


VI. Common weeds


VII. Description of insect pests


VIII. Description of diseases


IX. Safety measures


A) At the time of harvest

B) Post harvest storage


X. Do’s and Don’ts in IPM


XI. Basic precautions in pesticides usage


XII. Pesticide application techniques


XIII. Operational, calibration and maintenance guidelines in brief


XIV. References


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AESA BASED IPM PACKAGE FOR LENTIL


Lentil plant description:


Lentil (Lens culinaris), is a legume crop that belongs to Leguminosae


family.Theseeds are lens-shaped, rich in protein and is one of the most ancient crops. The


seeds are used chiefly in soups and the herbage as fodder. Lentils are a good source of


vitamin B, iron, and phosphorus. The plant varies from 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 inches) in height


and has many long, ascending branches.. The pods are about 15–20 mm long, broadly


oblong, slightly inflated and contain two seeds the shape of a doubly convex lens and about


4–6 mm in diameter. There are many cultivated varieties of the plant, differing in size,


hairiness, and colour of the leaves, flowers, and seeds. The seeds may be more or less


compressed in shape, and the colour may vary from grey to dark brown; they are also


sometimes mottled or speckled.


http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/335145/legume


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I. PESTS

A. Pests of National Significance:

1. Insect pests

1.1. Cow pea aphid: Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

1.2. Pea aphid: Acyrthosiphon pisum Haris (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

1.3. Leaf weevil: Sitona spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

1.4. Lygus bugs: Lygus spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae)

1.5. Cut worm: Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1.6. Thrips: Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptea: Thripidae)

1.7. Pod borers: Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1.8. Spiny pod borer: Etiella zinckenella (Treit.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

1.9 Pulse beetles: Bruchus spp., Callosobruchus spp. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)


2. Diseases

2.1. Root rot and seedling disease: Pythium ultimum Trow, Rhizoctonia solani Kühn

2.2. Fusarium wilt : Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht)Snyder & Hansen (Hypocreales:


Nectriaceae)

2.3. Lentis rust: Uromyces fabae (Pers.) Schröt.

2.4. Ascochyta blight: Ascochyta lentis Jellis & Punith

2.5. Anthracnose: Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus & Moore

2.6. Powdery mildew: Erysiphe pisi DC.,

2.7. Sclerotinia rot/collar rot: Sclerotinia rolfsii Sacc.

2.8. Pea enation mosaic virus

2.9. Bean yellow mosaic virus

2.10. Pea seed borne mosaic virus (PSBMV).


3. Weeds

Broadleaf weeds

3.1. Field bind weed: Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae)

3.2. Lambs quarter: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae)

3.3. Sweet clover: Melilotus indica (L.) All. (Fabaceae)

3.4. Scarlet pimpernel: Anagalis arvensis (Primulaceae)

3.5. Onion weed: Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. (Liliaceae)

3.6. Carrot grass: Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)

3.7. Benghal dayflower: Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae)


Grasses


3.8. Wild oat: Avena ludoviciana (L.) Nees. (Poaceae)

3.9. Canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz. (Poaceae)

Sedges

3.10. Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae)

3.11. Yellow nutsedge: Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae)


Parasitic weed

3.12. Dodder: Cuscuta spp.(Convolvulaceae)

3.13. Broomrape: Orobanche spp. (Orobanchaceae)


4. Nematode

4.1 Cyst nematode: Heterodera ciceri (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diederich_Franz_Leonhard_von_Schlechtendal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocreales
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectriaceae
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commelinaceae
http://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/index.php/management-mainmenu-434/st…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobanchaceae


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II. AGRO-ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS (AESA) BASED INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

(IPM)


A. AESA


The IPM has been evolving over the decades to address the deleterious impacts of synthetic

chemical pesticides on environment ultimately affecting the interests of the farmers. The

economic threshold level (ETL) was the basis for several decades but in modern IPM (FAO

2002) emphasis is given to AESA where farmers take decisions based on larger range of

field observations. The health of a plant is determined by its environment which includes

physical factors (i.e. soil, rain, sunshine hours, wind etc.) and biological factors (i.e. pests,

diseases and weeds). All these factors can play a role in the balance which exists between

herbivore insects and their natural enemies. Understanding the intricate interactions in an

ecosystem can play a critical role in pest management.


Decision making in pest management requires a thorough analysis of the agro-

ecosystem. Farmer has to learn how to observe the crop, how to analyze the field situation

and how to make proper decisions for their crop management. This process is called the

AESA. Participants of AESA will have to make a drawing on a large piece of white paper (60

x 80 cm), to include all their observations. The advantage of using a drawing is that it

requires the participants/farmers to observe closely and intensively. It is a focal point for the

analysis and for the discussions that follow, and the drawing can be kept as a record.


AESA is an approach, which can be gainfully employed by extension functionaries


and farmers to analyze the field situations with regards to pests, defenders, soil conditions,

plant health and the influence of climatic factors and their relationship for growing a healthy

crop. The basic components of AESA are:


 Plant health at different stages


 Built-in compensation abilities of plants


 Pest and defender population dynamics


 Soil conditions


 Climatic factors


 Farmers past experience


Principles of AESA based IPM:

Grow a healthy crop


 Select a variety resistant/tolerant to major pests


 Select healthy seeds/seedlings/planting material


 Treat the seeds/seedlings/planting material with recommended pesticides especially

biopesticides


 Follow proper spacing


 Soil health improvement (mulching and green manuring wherever applicable)


 Nutrient management especially organic manures and biofertilizers based on the soil

test results. If the dosage of nitrogenous fertilizers is too high the crop becomes too

succulent and therefore susceptible to insects and diseases. If the dosage is too low,

the crop growth is retarded. So, the farmers should apply an adequate amount for

best results. The phosphatic fertilizers should not be applied each and every season


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as the residual phosphate of the previous season will be available for the current

season also.


 Proper irrigation


 Crop rotation


Observe the field regularly (climatic factors, soil and biotic factors)


Farmers should


 Observe the soil physical condition, moisture level, etc.


 Take representative soil sample and get the soil analysis report showing soil pH,

electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter and nutrient status.


 Observe the number and species of weeds found in per square meter area each in

five randomly selected spots/ha


 Monitor the field situation of the orchrad at least once a week (soil, water, plants,

pests, natural enemies, weather factors etc.)


 Make decisions based on the field situation and P: D ratio


 Take direct action when needed (e.g. collect egg masses, remove infested plants

etc.)


http://www.centrestateexports.com.au/services/lentils.aspx


Plant compensation ability


Compensation can be defined as the replacement of plant biomass lost to herbivores and

has been associated with increased photosynthetic rates and mobilization of stored

resources from source organs to sinks (e.g., from roots and remaining leaves to new leaves)

during active vegetative growth period. Plant tolerance to herbivory can arise from the

interaction of a variety of plant traits and external environmental factors. Several studies

have documented such compensation through increased growth and photosynthetic rate.


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Understand and conserve defenders


 Know defenders/natural enemies to understand their role through regular

observations of the agro-ecosystem


 Avoid the use of chemical pesticides especially with broad-spectrum activity


Insect zoo


In field various types of insects are present. Some are beneficial and some may be harmful.

Generally farmers are not aware about it. Predators (friends of the farmers) which feed on

pests are not easy to observe in crop field. Insect zoo concept can be helpful to enhance

farmers‟ skill to identify beneficial and harmful insects. In this method, unfamiliar/unknown

predators are collected in plastic containers with brush from the field and brought to a place

for study. Each predator is placed inside a plastic bottle together with parts of the plant and

some known insect pests. Insects in the bottle are observed for certain time and determined

whether the test insect is a pest (feeds on plant) or a predator (feeds on other insects).


Pest: Defender ratio (P: D ratio):


Identifying the number of pests and beneficial insects helps the farmers to make appropriate

pest management decisions. Sweep net, visual counts etc. can be adopted to arrive at the

numbers of pests and defenders. The P: D ratio can vary depending on the feeding potential

of natural enemy as well as the type of pest. The natural enemies of Lentil pests can be

divided into 3 categories 1. parasitoids; 2. predators; and 3. pathogens.

Model Agro-Ecosystem Analysis Chart


Date:

Village:

Farmer:


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Decision taken based on the analysis of field situation


Soil condition :

Weather condition :

Diseases types and severity :

Weeds types and intensity :

Rodent damage (if any) :

No. of insect pests :

No. of natural enemies :

P: D ratio :


The general rule to be adopted for management decisions relying on the P: D ratio is

2: 1. However, some of the parasitoids and predators will be able to control more than 2

pests. Wherever specific P: D ratios are not found, it is safer to adopt the 2: 1, as P: D ratio.

Whenever the P: D ratio is found to be favourable, there is no need for adoption of other

management strategies. In cases where the P: D ratio is found to be unfavourable, the

farmers can be advised to resort to inundative release of parasitoids/predators depending

upon the type of pest. In addition to inundative release of parasitoids and predators, the

usage of microbial biopesticides and biochemical biopesticides such as insect growth

regulators, botanicals etc. can be relied upon before resorting to synthetic chemical

pesticides.


Decision making


Farmers become experts in crop management


Farmers have to make timely decisions about the management of their crops. AESA farmers

have learned to make these decisions based on observations and analysis viz. abiotic and

biotic factors of the crop ecosystem. The past experience of the farmers should also be

considered for decision making. However, as field conditions continue to change and new

technologies become available, farmers need to continue improving their skills and

knowledge.


 Farmers are capable of improving farming practices by experimentation


 Farmers can share their knowledge with other farmers


AESA methodology


 Visit field in groups (about 5 farmers per group). Walk across the field diagonally and

observe 20 plants randomly. Observe keenly each of these plants and record your

observations:


 Plant: Observe the plant height, number of branches, crop stage, deficiency

symptoms etc.


 Pests: Observe and count insect pests from different parts of the plant.

 Defenders (natural enemies): Observe and count parasitoids and predators.

 Diseases: Observe leaves and stems and identify any visible disease


symptoms and severity.

 Rats:. Look for live burrows and observe damage caused.

 Weeds: Observe the growth and intensity of weeds.

 Weather: Observe the weather condition.


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 While walking in the field, manually collect insects in plastic bags. Use a sweep net to

collect additional insects. Collect plant parts with disease symptoms.


 Find a shady place to sit as a group in a small circle for drawing and discussion.


 If needed, kill the insects with some chloroform (if available) on a piece of cotton.


 Each group will first identify the pests, defenders and diseases collected.


 Each group will then analyze the field situation in detail and present their

observations

and analysis in a drawing (the AESA drawing).


 Each drawing will show a plant representing the field situation. The weather

conditions, water level, disease symptoms, etc. will be shown in the drawing. Pest

insects will be drawn on one side. Defenders (beneficial insects) will be drawn on

another side. Write the number next to each insect. Indicate the plant part where the

pests and defenders were found. Try to show the interaction between pests and

defenders.


 Each group will discuss the situation and make a crop management

recommendation.


 The small groups then join each other and a member of each group will now present

their analysis in front of all participants.


 The facilitator will facilitate the discussion by asking guiding questions and makes

sure that all participants (also shy or illiterate persons) are actively involved in this

process.


 Formulate a common conclusion. The whole group should support the decision on

what field management is required in the AESA plot.


 Make sure that the required activities (based on the decision) will be carried out.


 Keep the drawing for comparison purpose in the following weeks.


Data recording

Farmers should record data in a notebook and drawing on a chart.


 Maintain records to

analyse and draw conclusions.


Data to be recorded:


 Plant growth (weekly): Height of plant, number of brances, etc.,

 Crop situation (e.g. for AESA): Plant health; insect pests, diseases, weeds;


natural enemies; soil condition; irrigation; weather conditions.

 Input costs: Seeds; fertilizer; pesticides; labour;

 Harvest: yield (Kg/acre); price of produce (Rs./Kg)


Some questions that can be used during the discussion


 Summarize the present situation of the field.


 What crop management aspect is most important at this moment?


 Is there a big change in crop situation compared to last visit? What kind of change?


 Is there any serious pest or disease outbreak?


 What is the situation of the beneficial insects?


 Is there a balance in the field between pests and defenders?


 Were you able to identify all pests and diseases?


 Do you think the crop is healthy?


 What management practices are needed at this moment?


 When will it be done? Who will do it? Make sure that responsibilities for all activities

are being discussed.


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 Are you expecting any problems to emerge during the coming week such as

congenial weather conditions for pest buildup?


 What are the problems? How can we avoid it? How can we be prepared?


 Summarize the actions to be taken.


Advantages of AESA over ETL:


One of the problems of the ETL is that it is based on parameters that are changing all the

time, and that are often not known. The damage or losses caused by a certain density of

insects cannot be predicted at all. In ETL the due recognition of the role of natural enemies in

decreasing pest population is ignored. Farmers cannot base their decisions on just a simple

count of pests. They will have to consider many other aspects of the crop (crop ecology,

growth stage, natural enemies, weather condition, etc.) and their own economic and social

situation before they can make the right crop management decisions. In ETL based IPM,

natural enemies, plant compensation ability and abiotic factors are not considered. In AESA

based IPM emphasis is given to natural enemies, plant compensation ability, abiotic factors

and P: D ratio.


AESA and farmer field school (FFS):


AESA is a season-long trai

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