WESTERN
JUNE 2018
CONTENTS
LUPIN
iv
GROWNOTES
WESTERN
JUNE 2018
Contents
Contents LUPIN
Introduction
A.1 Crop overview .............................................................................................................. 1
A.2 Types of lupin grown in WA ....................................................................................... 1
A.2.1 Narrow leafed lupin .................................................................................................... 1
A.2.2 Albus lupin ...................................................................................................................2
A.2.3 Yellow and pearl lupin ...............................................................................................3
A.2.4 WA blue lupin ..............................................................................................................3
A.3 Production history in WA .......................................................................................... 4
A.4 Markets ......................................................................................................................... 4
A.5 Key agronomic management factors to optimise lupin yields
and profits in WA ........................................................................................................ 5
A.5.1 Paddock selection .....................................................................................................5
A.5.2 Variety selection .........................................................................................................5
A.5.3 Sowing windows and conditions ...........................................................................5
A.5.4 Sowing rate and depth .............................................................................................5
A.5.5 Inoculation ...................................................................................................................6
A.5.6 Weed control ...............................................................................................................6
A.5.7 Insect control ...............................................................................................................6
A.5.8 Disease control ...........................................................................................................6
A.5.9 Nutrition and fertiliser ...............................................................................................6
A.5.10 Harvest .......................................................................................................................... 7
A.6 Keywords ......................................................................................................................7
1 Planning/paddock preparation
1.1 Crop overview .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Lupin varieties in the western region ..................................................................... 2
1.2.1 Narrow leafed lupin varieties grown in WA .........................................................5
PBA LeemanP .....................................................................................................................................5
PBA JurienP .........................................................................................................................................6
PBA BarlockP ......................................................................................................................................8
PBA GunyidiP ......................................................................................................................................9
JenabillupP ........................................................................................................................................ 10
CoromupP ........................................................................................................................................... 11
MandelupP ......................................................................................................................................... 12
QuilinockP .......................................................................................................................................... 13
TanjilP ................................................................................................................................................... 14
Wonga ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Contents
v
GROWNOTES
WESTERN
JUNE 2018
Contents LUPIN
Contents
1.2.2 Albus (or European white) lupin varieties in WA .............................................. 16
AmiraP ................................................................................................................................................. 16
AndromedaP ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Kiev Mutant ......................................................................................................................................... 19
1.2.3 Potential new lupin species for WA .................................................................... 20
1.3 Soil types and paddock selection ..........................................................................21
1.4 Weed and herbicide considerations ......................................................................21
1.5 Disease and pest considerations ..........................................................................22
1.6 Machinery considerations.......................................................................................22
1.7 Seed quality and germination issues ...................................................................23
2 Planting
2.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 1
2.2 Seed quality and testing ............................................................................................ 1
2.2.1 Disease tests ................................................................................................................ 1
2.2.2 Damage and germination tests ..............................................................................4
2.2.3 Nutrient tests ...............................................................................................................4
2.3 Inoculants .................................................................................................................... 5
2.3.1 Peat inoculum .............................................................................................................6
2.3.2 Clay granules ............................................................................................................. 7
2.3.3 Inoculants and fungicide seed treatments .......................................................... 7
2.4 Calculating nodulation after inoculation ................................................................ 8
2.5 Time of sowing .......................................................................................................... 9
2.6 Geographic location..................................................................................................10
2.7 Varieties .......................................................................................................................11
2.8 Tillage systems ..........................................................................................................11
2.9 Seeding rates and plant density .............................................................................12
2.10 Sowing depth .............................................................................................................14
3 Plant growth (phenology) and development
3.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 1
3.2 Germination and seedling emergence ................................................................... 4
3.3 Leaf emergence .......................................................................................................... 5
3.4 Stem elongation and branching .............................................................................. 6
3.5 Flowering ......................................................................................................................7
3.6 Pod ripening ................................................................................................................ 8
3.7 Seed ripening .............................................................................................................10
3.8 Lupin breeding advances ........................................................................................10
vi
GROWNOTES
WESTERN
JUNE 2018
Contents LUPIN
Contents
4 nutrition, fertiliser and benefits in the rotation
4.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 1
4.2 Soil tests ....................................................................................................................... 2
4.3 Diagnosing nutrient deficiencies ............................................................................. 6
4.4 Plant tissue testing ..................................................................................................... 8
4.5 Phosphorus (P) ............................................................................................................ 9
4.6 Manganese (Mn) ........................................................................................................14
4.7 Molybdenum (Mo) ..................................................................................................... 17
4.8 Nitrogen (N) ................................................................................................................18
4.9 Potassium (K) ..............................................................................................................19
4.10 Sulfur (S) ......................................................................................................................21
4.11 Trace elements/micronutrients ...............................................................................21
4.11.1 Zinc (Zn) ..................................................................................................................... 22
4.11.2 Iron (Fe) ...................................................................................................................... 23
4.11.3 Boron (B) .................................................................................................................... 24
4.11.4 Copper (Cu) .............................................................................................................. 25
4.11.5 Cobalt (Co) ................................................................................................................ 26
4.12 Nutrition benefits of lupin in the crop rotation ...................................................26
4.12.1 Nitrogen budgets .................................................................................................... 26
4.13 Role of lupin in nutrient cycling .............................................................................28
4.14 Lupin, nutrients and soil constraints .....................................................................29
5 Weed management and herbicide use
5.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 1
5.2 Herbicide types and use ........................................................................................... 2
NOTES to table: Safe use of herbicides on lupin ...................................................................7
5.3 Managing residual herbicide issues ...................................................................... 8
5.3.1 Tips for managing newer herbicide options .......................................................8
5.4 Importance of integrated weed management (IWM) ........................................10
5.5 Summer weed control ..............................................................................................14
5.6 Grass weed control in lupin .....................................................................................15
5.6.1 Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) ........................................................................ 15
Management and control .............................................................................................................. 16
5.6.2 Wild oats (Avena sativa ssp. Fatua and A. ludoviciana) ................................ 18
Management and control of wild oats ...................................................................................... 19
5.6.3 Brome Grass (Bromus diandrus; B. diandrus rigidus –
previously known as B. rigidus) ........................................................................... 20
Management and control of brome grass ............................................................................... 21
5.6.4 Barley grass (Hordeum glaucum and H. leporinum)...................................... 22
Management and control of barley grass ..............................................................................23
5.6.5 Silver grass (Vulpia myuros and V. bromoides) ............................................... 24
Management and control of silver grass ................................................................................25
vii
GROWNOTES
WESTERN
JUNE 2018
Contents LUPIN
Contents
5.7 Broadleaf weed control in lupin ............................................................................26
5.7.1 Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) ............................................................... 26
Management and control of wild radish ................................................................................. 27
5.7.2 Wild mustard/Indian hedge mustard (Sisymbrium orientale) ...................... 30
Management and control .............................................................................................................30
5.7.3 Wireweed (Polygonum aviculare, P. arenastrum) ...........................................31
Management and control ............................................................................................................. 31
5.8 Crop-topping for weed control ..............................................................................32
Management when crop-topping .............................................................................................. 32
5.9 Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) tactics ........................................................33
5.10 Weed detection technology ...................................................................................34
5.11 Decision support tools ............................................................................................35
5.11.1 Ryegrass Integrated Management (RIM) .......................................................... 35
5.11.2 Weed Seed Wizard ................................................................................................ 35
6 Control of pests and insects
6.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 1
Break of season to three-weeks after crop emergence .......................................................1
Flowering ...............................................................................................................................................1
Pod fill ......................................................................................................................................................1
Harvest and summer ..........................................................................................................................1
6.2 Integrated management ........................................................................................... 4
6.3 Economics of insect and pest control .................................................................... 5
6.4 Pest identification and management — seedling stage .......................................7
6.4.1 Redlegged earth mites, RLEM (Halotydeus destructor) ................................... 7
Monitoring .............................................................................................................................................7
Control ...................................................................................................................................................8
6.4.2 Cutworms (Agrotis spp.) ...........................................................................................9
Control ...................................................................................................................................................9
6.4.3 Brown pasture looper (Ciampa arietaria) .......................................................... 10
Control ................................................................................................................................................. 10
6.4.4 Lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis) ........................................................................... 11
Control .................................................................................................................................................. 11
6.4.5 Bryobia mite or clover mite (Bryobia praetiosa) .............................................. 12
6.4.6 Balaustium mites (Balaustium medicagoense) ................................................ 12
6.4.7 Blue oat mite (Penthaleus major) ..........................................................................13
6.5 Pest identification and management – flowering stage ....................................14
6.5.1 Aphids (Aphididae) ...................................................................................................14
Monitoring ........................................................................................................................................... 15
Control ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Cowpea aphid ....................................................................................................................................17
Blue green aphid ...............................................................................................................................17
Green peach aphid ..........................................................................................................................17
6.5.2 Thrips ............................................................................................................................17
viii
GROWNOTES
WESTERN
JUNE 2018
Contents LUPIN
Contents
6.6 Pest identification and management – pod fill stage ......................................... 17
6.6.1 Native budworm (Helicoverpa punctigera) ........................................................17
Monitor ................................................................................................................................................. 18
Control .......................................................................
