Longan and lychee fruit from the
People’s Republic of China and
Thailand
Draft Import Risk Analysis Report
Part B
August 2003
Draft Import Risk Analysis: Importation of fresh longan and lychee fruit from China and Thailand
Foreword
© Commonwealth of Australia 2003
This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in
unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use
within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968,
all other rights are reserved.
Requests for further authorisation should be directed to the Commonwealth Copyright
Administration, Intellectual Property Branch, Department of Communications,
Information Technology and the Arts, GPO Box 2154, Canberra ACT 2601 or by email to
commonwealth.copyright@dcita.gov.au.
Draft Import Risk Analysis: Importation of fresh longan and lychee fruit from China and Thailand
Page 3
CONTENTS
CONTENTS .........................................................................................................................3
APPENDIX 1 – PEST CATEGORISATION FOR LONGAN AND LYCHEE FROM
CHINA AND THAILAND ...................................................................................................5
REFERENCES – APPENDIX 1......................................................................................65
APPENDIX 2 – POTENTIAL FOR ESTABLISHMENT AND ECONOMIC
CONSEQUENCES ...........................................................................................................79
REFERENCES – APPENDIX 2......................................................................................91
APPENDIX 3 – PEST CATEGORISATION FOR FRESH LONGAN AND LYCHEE
FRUIT FROM THAILAND ...............................................................................................95
APPENDIX 3A: PEST CATEGORISATION FOR FRESH LONGAN FRUIT FROM THAILAND
(OCCURRENCE IN AUSTRALIA).........................................................................................95
APPENDIX 3B: PEST CATEGORISATION FOR FRESH LONGAN FRUIT FROM THAILAND
(PATHWAY ASSOCIATION) ..............................................................................................107
APPENDIX 3C: PEST CATEGORISATION FOR FRESH LYCHEE FRUIT FROM THAILAND
(OCCURRENCE IN AUSTRALIA).......................................................................................119
APPENDIX 3D: PEST CATEGORISATION FOR FRESH LYCHEE FRUIT FROM THAILAND
(PATHWAY ASSOCIATION) ..............................................................................................131
REFERENCES – APPENDIX 3....................................................................................141
APPENDIX 4 – PEST DATA SHEETS .......................................................................147
ARTHROPODS.................................................................................................................147
Scarab beetles ........................................................................................................147
Fruit flies ...................................................................................................................160
Mealybugs ................................................................................................................170
Soft scales................................................................................................................189
Stink bugs ................................................................................................................203
Fruit borers...............................................................................................................209
Litchi fruit borer........................................................................................................213
Leaf rollers ...............................................................................................................216
PATHOGENS ...................................................................................................................222
Cylindrocladiella disease .......................................................................................222
Draft Import Risk Analysis: Importation of fresh longan and lychee fruit from China and Thailand
Page 4
Litchi brown blight ...................................................................................................226
Fruit blotch ...............................................................................................................230
Phytophthora fruit and rot ......................................................................................233
Longan witches’ broom disease ...........................................................................236
Draft Import Risk Analysis: Importation of fresh longan and lychee fruit from China and Thailand Appendix 1
Page 5
APPENDIX 1 – PEST CATEGORISATION FOR LONGAN AND LYCHEE FROM CHINA AND THAILAND
NB. Pests in bold are additional to the pests listed in Appendices 1-5 in the Technical Issues Paper
Pest Common name Distribution Present in Australia Host Pathway association – Comment/ Reference Consider
further
INVERTEBRATA
ACARI (mites)
Abacarus euphoriae Keifer
[Acari: Eriphyidae]
Longan erineum
mite
Thailand
(DOA, 2003a)
No
(Halliday, 1998)
Longan No – Associated with leaves
(DOA, 2003a)
No
Acaspina litchii Huang, Huang & Hong
[Acari: Phytoseiidae]
Mite China
(Hong & Zhang, 1996)
No
No records found
Lychee No – Associated with leaves
(Huang et al., 1989)
CIQ (2000) claims not in China
No
Aceria dimocarpi Kuang, 1997=
Eriophyes dimocarpi Kuang
[Acari: Eriophyidae]
Longan gall mite China
(He, 2001)
No
(Halliday, 1998)
Longan No – Associated with shoots, spikes and flowers. Has
been recorded on developing, but not mature fruit.
Possible vector of longan witches’ broom disease
(He, 2001; AQSIQ, 2003b)
No
Aceria litchii (Keiffer) = Eriophyes litchii
(Keiffer)
[Acari: Eriophyidae]
Litchi erinose
mite, litchi hairy
mite, litchi gall
mite, litchi rust
mite
China
(Hong & Zhang, 1996)
Thailand
(Schuetz et al., 2002)
Yes
(Halliday, 1998)
Not in WA
(DAWA, 2003a)
Longan
Lychee
Yes – Feeds on leaves, twigs, foliar flushes and
flower panicles. Has been recorded to feed on fruit
causing visible damage and malformation
(Waite & Hwang, 2002; Kumar, 1992; Waite, 1999)
Yes
Draft Import Risk Analysis: Importation of fresh longan and lychee fruit from China and Thailand Appendix 1
Page 6
Pest Common name Distribution Present in Australia Host Pathway association – Comment/ Reference Consider
further
Aceria longana Boczek & Knihinicki
[Acari: Eriophyidae]
Longan erineum
mite
Thailand
(Waite & Hwang,
2002)
No
(Halliday, 1998)
Longan No – Associated with leaves, flowers and growing
points
(Waite & Hwang, 2002; Ungasit et al., 1999)
No
Agistemus exsertus Gonzalez-
Rodriguez
[Acari: Stigmaeidae]
Stigmaeid mite China
(PDI, 2000)
No
(Halliday, 1998)
Lychee No – Predatory mite
(Hong & Zhang, 1996; Huang et al., 1989)
No
Amblyseius similiovalis Liang & Ke
[Acari: Phytoseiidae]
Phytoseiid mite China
(Liang & Ke, 1983)
No
(Halliday, 1998)
Lychee No – Predatory mite
(Liang & Ke, 1983)
No
Disella litchii Kuang & Feng
[Acari: Nothopodinae]
Mite China
(Kuang & Feng, 1990)
No
No records found
Lychee No – Associated with leaves
(Das & Chakrabati, 1982; Kuang & Feng, 1990)
No
Echinopsis fukiensis Fan & Chen
[Acari: Raphignathidae]
Mite China
(Fan & Chen, 1996)
No
(Halliday, 1998)
Longan No – Associated with bark
(Fan & Chen, 1996)
No
Epitrimerus dimocarpi Kuang & Hong
1989
[Acari: Eriophyidae]
Longan gall mite China
(Hong & Zhang, 1996)
No
(Halliday, 1998)
Longan No – Associated with leaves and new growth
(Hong & Zhang, 1996)
No
Neoepitrimerus (Neoleipothrix)
alocasiae Wei & Kuang, 1993
[Acari: Eriophyidae]
Gall mite China
(He et al., 1996)
No
(Halliday, 1998)
Longan No – Associated with buds, flowers and leaflets
(He et al., 1996)
No
Oligonychus biharensis Hirst
[Acari: Tetranychidae]
Cassava red
mite
China
(USDA, 1999)
Thailand
(CABI, 2002)
Yes
(Halliday, 2000)
Not present in WA
(DAWA, 2003b)
Longan
Lychee
No – Associated with leaves
(DOA, 2003a,b)
No
Draft Import Risk Analysis: Importation of fresh longan and lychee fruit from China and Thailand Appendix 1
Page 7
Pest Common name Distribution Present in Australia Host Pathway association – Comment/ Reference Consider
further
Panonychus citri (McGregor)
[Acari: Tetranychidae]
Citrus red mite,
citrus red spider
mite, red spider
mite, purple
mite
China
(He, 2001)
Yes
(Halliday, 1998)
Not present in WA
(AICN, 2001)
Lychee No – Has been recorded as a minor pest in lychee
orchards in China by He (2001), but no records of
presence on lychee fruit
(CABI, 2002; CIQ, 2000, Tan et al., 1998)
Australia does not consider this mite to be a pest of
lychee (BA, 2002, 2003)
No
Tetranychus spp.
[Acari: Tetranychidae]
Mite China
(USDA, 1999)
No
No records found
Longan No – Not associated with fruit
(USDA, 1999)
No
INSECTA (insects)
Coleoptera (beetles)
Adoretus complexus Burmeister
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
Root grub China
(Sauco & Menini,
1989)
Yes
(Houston, 1992)
Not present in WA
(DAWA, 2003a)
Lychee No – Associated with roots
(Sauco & Menini, 1989)
No
Adoretus compressus Weber
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
Rose beetle Thailand
(Waterhouse, 1993)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Longan No – Associated with leaves
(DOA, 2003a)
No
Adoretus hirsutus Ohaus
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
White root grub China
(Tan et al., 1998)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Longan
Lychee
No – Associated with leaves
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1997, 1998)
No
Adoretus sinicus Burmeister
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
Chinese rose
beetle, root grub
China
(Tan et al., 1998)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Longan
Lychee
No – Associated with roots and leaves
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1997, 1998)
No
Draft Import Risk Analysis: Importation of fresh longan and lychee fruit from China and Thailand Appendix 1
Page 8
Pest Common name Distribution Present in Australia Host Pathway association – Comment/ Reference Consider
further
Adoretus tenuimaculatus
Waterhouse
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
China
(USDA, 1999)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Longan No – Adults feed on leaves, larvae feed on roots
http://www.kcn.ne.jp/~tkawabe/kon-koganekoitya.htm
No
Anomala antiqua (Gyllenhal)
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
Groundnut
chafer
China
(Tan et al. 1998)
Yes
(Houston, 1992)
Longan
Lychee
No
Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
Beetle China
(Waite, pers. comm.,
2001)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Lychee No – Associated with leaves and new growth
(Waite, pers. comm., 2001)
No
Anomala cuprea (Hope)
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
Cupreous
chafer
China
(Waite, pers. comm.,
2001)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Lychee No – Associated with leaves and new growth
(Waite, pers. comm., 2001)
No
Anomala cupripes Hope
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
Large green
chafer beetle
China
(Tan et al., 1998)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Longan
Lychee
No – Associated with leaves
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1998)
No
Anomala ebenina Fairmaire
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
Chafer beetle China
(USDA, 1999)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Longan No – Associated with leaves and new growth
(USDA, 1999)
No
Anomala exoleta Faldermann
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
Chafer beetle China
(USDA, 1999)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Longan No – Lives underground. Associated with soil
(USDA, 1999; Xue & Guo, 1991; Sun, 1991)
No
Anomala expansa Bates
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
Chafer beetle China
(USDA, 1999)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Longan No – Not associated with fruit
(USDA, 1999)
No
Anomala pallida Fabricius
[Coleoptera: Scarabaediae]
Beetle Thailand
(Waterhouse, 1993)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Longan No – Associated with leaves
(DOA, 2000b)
No
Draft Import Risk Analysis: Importation of fresh longan and lychee fruit from China and Thailand Appendix 1
Page 9
Pest Common name Distribution Present in Australia Host Pathway association – Comment/ Reference Consider
further
Anomala varicolor Gyllenhal
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
Beetle China
(Sauco & Menini,
1989)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Lychee No – Associated with leaves and new growth
(Sauco & Menini, 1989)
No
Anoplophora almora Maulik
[Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
Beetle China
(CIQ, 2000)
No
(CABI, 2002)
Longan No – Associated with new stems
(CIQ, 2000)
No
Anoplophora chinensis (Forster)
[Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
Black and white
citrus longicorn
beetle
China
(Tan et al., 1998)
No
(CABI, 2002)
Longan
Lychee
No – Associated with roots, stems, trunks and
branches
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1997, 1998)
No
Anoplophora malasiaca (Thompson)
[Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
White-spotted
longicorn beetle
China
(USDA, 1999)
No
(CABI, 2002)
Longan No – Associated with stems, bark, leaves, petioles
and roots
(CABI, 2002)
No
Apogonia cribricollis Burmeister
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
Chafer beetle China
(Tan et al., 1998)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Longan
Lychee
No – Associated with leaves, stems and roots
(CABI, 2002)
No
Aristobia approximator
[Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
Long-horned
beetle
Thailand
(DOA, 2003a)
No
(AICN, 2001)
Longan No – Associated with branches
(DOA, 2003a)
No
Aristobia horidura
[Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
Long-horned
beetle
Thailand
(DOA, 2003a)
No
(AICN, 2001)
Longan No – Associated with branches
(DOA, 2003a)
No
Aristobia testudo (Voet)
[Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
Litchi longicorn
beetle
China
(Waite & Hwang,
2002)
No
No records found
Longan
Lychee
No - Associated with bark and stems
(Ho et al., 1990; Waite & Hwang, 2002; Zhang, 1997)
No
Aspidomorpha sanctaecrucis
Fabricius
[Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]
Tortoise beetle Thailand
(DOA, 2000b)
No
(AICN, 2001)
Longan No – Associated with leaves
(Verma & Shrivastava, 1985)
No
Draft Import Risk Analysis: Importation of fresh longan and lychee fruit from China and Thailand Appendix 1
Page 10
Pest Common name Distribution Present in Australia Host Pathway association – Comment/ Reference Consider
further
Astathes episcopalis Chevrolet
[Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
Beetle China
(USDA, 1999)
No
(AICN, 2001)
Longan No – Not associated with fruit
(USDA, 1999)
No
Aulacophora almora Maulik
[Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]
Beetle China
(Tan et al., 1998)
No
No records found
Longan
Lychee
No – Associated with new stems and new leaves
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1998)
No
Aulacophora cattigarensis Weise
[Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]
Beetle China
(Tan et al., 1998)
No
No records found
Longan
Lychee
No – Associated with leaves
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1997, 1998)
No
Aulacophora femoralis (Motschulsky)
[Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]
Cucurbit leaf
beetle, orange
broom galerucid
China
(Tan et al., 1998)
No
No records found
Longan
Lychee
No – Associated with leaves
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1997, 1998)
No
Auloseryca migrorubra Busk.
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
Beetle China
(Sauco & Menini,
1989)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Lychee No – Associated with leaves and new growth
(Sauco & Menini, 1989)
No
Ceresium spp.
[Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
Longhorn beetle China
(Cavey, 1998)
No (1 record of
Ceresium spp. In
QLD)
(Pollock, unpubl.)
Lychee No – Associated with branches
(Cavey, 1998)
No
Chrysochus chinensis Baly
[Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]
Beetle China
(Tan et al., 1998)
No
No records found
Longan
Lychee
No – Associated with leaves
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1998)
No
Clitea fulva Chen
[Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]
Beetle China
(Tan et al., 1998)
No
No records found
Lychee No – Associated with leaves
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1998)
No
Colaphellus bowringi Baly
[Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]
Beetle China
(Tan et al., 1998)
No
No records found
Longan
Lychee
No – Associated with leaves
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1997, 1998)
No
Draft Import Risk Analysis: Importation of fresh longan and lychee fruit from China and Thailand Appendix 1
Page 11
Pest Common name Distribution Present in Australia Host Pathway association – Comment/ Reference Consider
further
Euwallacea fornicalus Eichhoff =
Xyleborus fornicalus
[Coleoptera: Scolytidae]
Tea shot-hole
borer, shot-hole
borer of tea
China
(He, 2001)
Yes
(CABI, 2002)
Not present in WA
(DAWA, 2003a)
Lychee No – Associated with twigs and stems
(CABI, 2002)
No
Exolontha serrulata Gyllenhal
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
China
(USDA, 1999)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Longan No – Associated with soil
(May & Hamilton, 1989)
No
Formicomus braminus La Ferte
Senectere
[Coleoptera: Anthicidae]
China
(USDA, 1999)
No
(AICN, 2001)
Longan No – Associated with flowers
(USDA, 1999; Armstrong & Drummond, 1986)
No
Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata
(Fabricius) = Epilachna
vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius)
[Coleoptera: Coccinellidae]
Hadda beetle,
leaf-eating
ladybird, 26-
spotted ladybird
China
(Tan et al., 1998)
Yes
(Li, 1993)
Longan
Lychee
No
Holotrichia ovata Chang
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
White grub
beetle
China
(Tan et al., 1998)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Longan
Lychee
No – Associated with roots
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1997, 1998)
No
Holotrichia plumbea planicollis
Burmeister
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
Beetle China
(Sauco & Menini,
1989)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Lychee No – Associated with leaves and roots
(Sauco & Menini, 1989)
No
Holotrichia sauteri Moser
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
Southern black
chafer
China
(Huang & Lin, 1987)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Longan
Lychee
No – Associated with flowers
(Huang & Lin, 1987)
No
Hoplostomus chinensis Guer.
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
Beetle China
(Sauco & Menini,
1989)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Lychee No – Associated with flowers
(Allan, 1986; Keeping, 1984; Sauco & Menini, 1989)
No
Draft Import Risk Analysis: Importation of fresh longan and lychee fruit from China and Thailand Appendix 1
Page 12
Pest Common name Distribution Present in Australia Host Pathway association – Comment/ Reference Consider
further
Hypomeces squamosus Fabricius
[Coleoptera: Curculionidae]
Green weevil,
gold-dust
beetle, gold-
dust weevil
China
(Tan et al., 1998)
Thailand
(Waterhouse, 1993)
No
(Zimmerman, 1994)
Longan
Lychee
No – Associated with leaves, roots and growing points
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1998; DOA 2003a)
No
Lepidiota stigma Fabricius
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
Sugarcane
white grub
China
(Tan et al., 1998)
No
(Houston, 1992)
Longan
Lychee
No – Associated with roots
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1998)
No
Lyctus brunneus Stephens
[Coleoptera: Lyctidae]
Powderpost
beetle
China
(USDA, 1999)
Yes
(AICN, 2001)
Not present in WA
(DAWA, 2003b)
Longan No – Associated with sapwood of hardwood species
(Peters et al., 1996
No
Maladera castanea (Arrow)
[Coleoptera: S
