NORTHERN
MARCH 2017
CONTENTS
SAFFLOWER
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What’s new
Introduction
A.1 Safflower agronomy at a glance ........................................................................\
... xiv
A.2 Crop overview ........................................................................\
.................................... xv
A.2.1 Marketing safflower ........................................................................\
........................ xvi
Seed ............................................................................................................\
........................................ xvi
Linoleic oil .............................................................................................................\
............................ xvii
A.2.2 Potential industry growth ........................................................................\
............. xvii
A.2.3 Safflower production in Australia ....................................................................... xvii
A.3 End uses ........................................................................\
........................................... xviii
1 Planning/Paddock preparation
1.1 Paddock selection ........................................................................\
............................... 1
1.2 Paddock rotation and history ........................................................................\
........... 2
1.3 Benefits of safflower as a rotation crop ................................................................. 3
1.3.1 Break crop ........................................................................\
.......................................... 4
1.3.2 Enterprise diversification ........................................................................\
................ 4
1.3.3 Drought tolerance ........................................................................\
............................. 4
1.3.4 Tool for managing problem weeds ....................................................................... 4
1.3.5 Entry crop and soil ameliorant ........................................................................\
........ 5
1.3.6 Tool for managing salinity and waterlogging .................................................... 5
1.3.7 Pest deterrence ........................................................................\
................................. 5
1.4 Disadvantages of safflower as a rotation crop ..................................................... 5
1.5 Fallow weed control ........................................................................\
........................... 6
1.6 Seedbed requirements ........................................................................\
...................... 6
1.7 Soil moisture ........................................................................\
......................................... 7
1.7.1 Soil moisture use ........................................................................\
................................ 7
1.7.2 Dryland ........................................................................\
.................................................. 8
1.7.3 Irrigation ........................................................................\
................................................ 8
1.8 Yield and targets ........................................................................\
................................ 8
1.8.1 Seasonal outlook ........................................................................\
............................... 9
1.8.2 Fallow moisture ........................................................................\
................................. 9
1.8.3 Water Use Efficiency ........................................................................\
......................... 9
1.8.4 Nitrogen-use efficiency ........................................................................\
.................. 10
1.8.5 Double-crop options ........................................................................\
....................... 10
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1.9 Disease status of paddock ........................................................................\
.............. 10
1.9.1 Cropping history effects ........................................................................\
.................. 11
2 Pre-planting
2.1 Safflower varieties ........................................................................\
............................... 1
2.1.1 High-oleic safflower ........................................................................\
........................... 2
2.2 Planting seed quality ........................................................................\
......................... 3
2.2.1 Seed size ........................................................................\
.............................................. 3
2.2.2 Seed germination and vigour ........................................................................\
......... 3
2.2.3 Seed storage ........................................................................\
....................................... 4
2.2.4 Safe rates of fertiliser sown with the seed ..........................................................4
3 Planting
3.1 Seed treatments ........................................................................\
.................................. 1
3.2 Time of sowing: yield losses due to delay, frost-risk timing ................................ 1
3.3 Targeted plant population ........................................................................\
................ 3
3.4 Calculating seed requirements ........................................................................\
........ 4
3.5 Sowing depth ........................................................................\
...................................... 4
3.5.1 Row spacing ........................................................................\
........................................ 5
3.6 Sowing equipment ........................................................................\
............................. 5
4 Plant growth and physiology
4.1 Effect of temperature, photoperiod and climate effects on
plant growth and physiology ........................................................................\
............ 3
4.1.1 Temperature ........................................................................\
........................................ 3
4.1.2 Wind and hail ........................................................................\
....................................... 4
4.2 Plant growth stages ........................................................................\
........................... 4
4.2.1 Emergence and early growth ........................................................................\
......... 4
4.2.2 Stem elongation and branching ........................................................................\
..... 4
4.2.3 Flowering to maturity ........................................................................\
........................ 5
5 nutrition and fertiliser
5.1 Declining soil fertility ........................................................................\
.......................... 1
5.1.1 Soil organic matter ........................................................................\
.............................. 1
5.1.2 Current situation ........................................................................\
................................. 4
5.1.3 Options for reversing the decline in soil organic matter .................................5
Impact of fertiliser N inputs on soil ........................................................................\
....................... 7
5.2 Crop removal rates ........................................................................\
............................ 8
5.3 Soil testing ........................................................................\
........................................... 8
5.4 Plant and/or tissue testing for nutrition levels ...................................................... 8
5.5 Nitrogen ........................................................................\
.............................................. 8
5.6 Phosphorus ........................................................................\
........................................ 8
5.7 Sulfur ........................................................................\
.................................................... 9
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5.7.1 Potassium ........................................................................\
.............................................9
5.8 Micronutrients ........................................................................\
..................................... 9
6 Weed control
6.1 Registered herbicides ........................................................................\
........................ 2
6.2 Potential herbicide damage effects ........................................................................\
3
7 Insect control
7.1 Aphids (plum, green peach and leaf curl) ............................................................... 1
7.1.1 Damage caused by aphids ........................................................................\
............... 1
7.1.2 Thresholds for control ........................................................................\
....................... 2
7.1.3 Management/control ........................................................................\
......................... 2
7.2 Cutworms (Agrotis spp.) ........................................................................\
.................... 2
7.2.1 Varietal resistance or tolerance ........................................................................\
..... 2
7.2.2 Damage caused by cutworms ........................................................................\
........ 3
7.2.3 Thresholds for control ........................................................................\
....................... 3
7.2.4 Management/control ........................................................................\
......................... 3
7.3 Helicoverpa spp. ........................................................................\
................................. 3
7.3.1 Varietal resistance or tolerance ........................................................................\
..... 3
7.3.2 Damage caused by Helicoverpa ........................................................................\
... 3
7.3.3 Thresholds for control ........................................................................\
....................... 4
7.3.4 Management/control ........................................................................\
......................... 4
7.4 Rutherglen bug (Nysius vinitor) ........................................................................\
....... 4
7.4.1 Varietal resistance or tolerance ........................................................................\
..... 5
7.4.2 Damage caused by Rutherglen bug ..................................................................... 5
7.4.3 Thresholds for control ........................................................................\
....................... 5
7.4.4 Management/control ........................................................................\
......................... 5
7.5 Redlegged earth mites (Halotydeus destructor) and blue oat
mite (Penthaleus major) ........................................................................\
.................... 5
7.5.1 Varietal resistance or tolerance ........................................................................\
..... 6
7.5.2 Damage caused by mites ........................................................................\
................ 6
7.5.3 Thresholds for control ........................................................................\
....................... 6
7.5.4 Management/control ........................................................................\
......................... 6
7.6 Other pests ........................................................................\
.......................................... 6
8 nematode management
9 Diseases
9.1 Alternaria blight (caused by Alternaria carthami) ................................................. 1
9.1.1 Varietal resistance or tolerance ........................................................................\
...... 1
9.1.2 Damage caused by the disease ........................................................................\
...... 1
9.1.3 Symptoms ........................................................................\
............................................. 1
9.1.4 Conditions favouring development ....................................................................... 2
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9.1.5 Management of the disease ........................................................................\
........... 2
9.2 Phytophthora root rot (caused by Phytophthora cryptogea) ............................. 2
9.2.1 Varietal resistance or tolerance ........................................................................\
..... 2
9.2.2 Symptoms ........................................................................\
............................................ 3
9.2.3 Conditions favouring development ....................................................................... 3
9.2.4 Management of the disease ........................................................................\
........... 3
9.3 Rust (caused by Puccinia carthami) ....................................................................... 3
9.3.1 Symptoms ........................................................................\
............................................ 4
9.3.2 Conditions favouring development ....................................................................... 4
9.3.3 Management of the disease ........................................................................\
........... 4
9.4 Other diseases ........................................................................\
.................................... 4
10 Plant growth regulators and canopy management
11 crop desiccation/spray out
12 harvest
12.1 Header settings ........................................................................\
.................................. 2
12.2 Windrowing ........................................................................\
........................................ 2
12.3 Wet harvest issues and management .................................................................... 2
12.4 Dry harvest issues and management ..................................................................... 2
12.5 Fire prevention ........................................................................\
.................................... 2
13 storage
13.1 How to store product on-farm ........................................................................\
........... 1
13.2 Pests of stored grain ........................................................................\
.......................... 1
14 environmental issues
14.1 Frost issues for safflower ........................................................................\
................... 1
14.1.1 Risk management for frost ........................................................................\
............... 1
14.1.2 The changing nature of frost in Australia ............................................................1
14.2 Waterlogging and flooding issues ........................................................................\
... 2
14.3 Other environmental issues ........................................................................\
............. 2
15 Marketing
15.1 Selling principles ........................................................................\
................................ 2
15.1.1 Be prepared ........................................................................\
......................................... 2
When to sell .............................................................................................................\
............................. 2
How to sell .............................................................................................................\
............................... 2
15.1.2 Establish the business risk profile ........................................................................\
. 3
Production risk profile of the farm ........................................................................\
........................ 4
Establishing a target price ........................................................................\
...................................... 5
Income requirements ........................................................................\
................................................ 6
15.1.3 Managing your price ........................................................................\
......................... 8
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Methods of price management ........................................................................\
.............................8
15.1.4 Ensuring access to mark ets ........................................................................\
.......... 10
Storage and logistics ........................................................................\
............................................... 11
Cost of holding grain ........................................................................\
............................................... 12
15.1.5 Converting tonnes into cash ........................................................................\
.......... 13
Set up the toolbox ........................................................................\
.................................................... 13
How to sell for cash ........................................................................\
................................................. 14
Counterparty risk
........................................................................\
....................................................... 17
Relative values
.............................................................................................................\
...................... 17
Contract allocation
........................................................................\
.................................................. 19
Read market signals
........................................................................\
................................................ 19
15.2 Northern safflower: mark et dynamics and execution ........................................20
15.2.1
Price determinants for northern safflower
........................................................20
15.2.2
Ex
ecuting tonnes into cash for northern safflower
.........................................21
15.3
Delivery standards
........................................................................\
............................ 21
